Frazni glagoli u engleskom jeziku, prefiksacija u hrvatskom i par praktičnih savjeta za učenje
Pregled sadržaja
Frazni glagoli i engleski jezik
Frazalni glagoli, Phrasal verbs, to je odrednica koja nam je potrebna za današnju temu.
Frazalni glagoli su veoma bitni u engleskom jeziku i komunikaciji.
Pravilo je da nekoga tko savršeno govori engleski možete razlikovati od rođenog Britanca baš po upotrebi frazalnih glagola.
Da bi objasnili o čemu se tu radi, da počnemo sa pričom, pa ćemo poslije na gramatička pitanja.
Obavezno pažljivo čitajte tekst do kraja kako bi savladali osnovnu temu:
Frazalni glagoli u engleskom jeziku
Kada pogledamo (davno, davno) unazad primijetit ćemo da su se razni jezici, zbog potrebe preciznog izražavanja dodatno razvijali na različite načine.
Flashcards
Tvorba glagola u hrvatskom jeziku – prefiksacija
Recimo u hrvatskom jeziku, uzet ćemo primjer glagola trčati.
Sam, osnovni glagol trčati ne može pokriti sve jezične potrebe koje mi imamo da bi precizno prenijeli neku informaciju (bez korištenja pantomime).
Evo primjera:
- On je trčao.
- On je dotrčao.
- On je otrčao.
U sva 3 primjera imamo osnovni glagol trčati na koji smo dodali različite prefikse – do, o.
Ovim postupkom smo dobili drugo značenje osnovnog glagola i precizno prenijeli informaciju sa malo riječi, konkretno ovdje smo se bavili pravcem trčanja.
Postupak stvaranja, tvorbi složenica u hrvatskom jeziku, koji se sastoji od dodavanja prefiksa (dijelovi riječi, najčešće nastali od prijedloga) ispred riječi se naziva prefiksacija.
Kad sam već spomenuo prefiksaciju, samo da dodam da se ovakvim postupkom u hrvatskom najčešće grade glagoli ali mogu i neke druge vrste riječi: sugovornik, premršav
Da se vratimo na glagole. Dodavanjem prefiksa na glagol dobijemo glagol sa novim značenjem. Ponekad se dogodi da jedan glagol može i u našem jeziku imati, poslije ovakve intervencije 2 značenja:
– doslovno
– preneseno
Primjer:
– glagol letjeti, na njega dodajemo prefiks po-, i dobijemo novi glagol poletjeti.
– doslovno značenje
Ptica je poletjela uplašena iznenadnom bukom.
– preneseno značenje
Poletjela mu je u zagrljaj.
Frazalni glagoli u engleskom jeziku, objašnjenje
Do sada smo već naučili kako je nastao engleski jezik.
Znamo da spada u grupu germanskih jezika, kao recimo, njemački. U njemačkom je taj razvoj jezika otišao u drugom pravcu.
Engleski jezik nije u svom razvoju krenuo u tom pravcu. Je li za to krivo osvajanje od strane Normana 1066. godine, da ne pretpostavljamo. Povijest kaže da su u to vrijeme već postojali frazalni glagoli ali se na njih gledalo kao na primitivan, narodski govor.
Shakespeare je bio veliki zagovornik korišćenja frazalnih glagola i to je to. Smatra se da je ipak 20. stoljeće donijelo, najveći broj frazalnih glagola u engleski jezik.
Znači u engleskom nije došlo do postupka prefiksacije.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.
Slušanje: Klikni ‘start’ i napišite frazni glagol koji čujete
Popis najćešćih frazalnih glagola
| frazni glagol | Definicija | Primjer | prijevod |
|---|---|---|---|
| ask someone out | invite on a date | Ivica asked Katarina out to lunch. | pozvati van |
| back someone up | Support | His mother backed him up when he decided to start his own business. | poduprijeti |
| blow up | Explode | The police found the man who wanted to blow up a plane. | eksplodirati |
| break down | stop functioning (machine, vehicle) | My computer broke down yesterday. | pokvariti se |
| break in | force entry to a building | The young man tried to break in but someone came by and he ran away. | provaliti |
| break up | end a relationship | He broke up with his girlfriend not long ago. | razići se |
| bring someone down | make unhappy | Films with sad endings always bring me down. | ražalostiti |
| bring someone up | raise a child | Linda brought up three children. | odgojiti |
| bring something up | start talking about a subject | They start quarrelling whenever he brings up his ex. | spomenuti |
| call something off | Cancel | They called the meeting off because half of the people were too busy to come. | otkazati |
| calm down | relax after being angry | Could you calm down. Everything will be okay. | umiriti se |
| not care for someone/something | not like (formal) | I don’t care for her opinion. | mariti |
| catch up | get to the same point as someone else | I stopped and waited for my group to catch up. | uhvatiti, dostići (doći do iste točke, gdje je netko drugi) |
| check in | arrive and register at a hotel or airport | When we arrive at the hotel we have to check in. | prijaviti se |
| check out | leave a hotel | We packed and check out of the hotel. | odjaviti se |
| check someone/something out | look at carefully, investigate | The police is checking out the call. | provjeriti, istražiti |
| come across something | to find by coincidence | I sometimes come across protected when hiking in mountains. | naći |
| count on someone/something | rely on | I know I can count on him whenever I need anything. | računati na |
| cut back on something | consume less | You should cut back on alcohol. | smanjiti upotrebu |
| do away with something | Discard | It’s time to do away with all these old clothes. | odbaciti |
| dress up | wear nice clothing | The club we are going to is quite fancy so I suggest you dress up. | lijepo se obući |
| drop in/by/over | come without an appointment | You can drop in/by/over at my place any time you want. | navratiti |
| drop out | quit a class, school, course | He dropped out of school at the age of 15. | napustiti (npr. školu) |
| eat out | eat at a restaurant | Don’t cook. We’ll eat out tonight. | jesti vani |
| fall apart | break into pieces | My shoes are falling apart. I have to buy anew pair. | raspasti se |
| figure out | understand, answer | Try to figure out what their intentions are because I would really like to know. | shvatiti, sjetiti se nečeg |
| fill in | to write information in blanks | Fill in the form with your name, address, and email address and give it back to us. | popuniti |
| find out | Discover | We found out beautiful islands when travelling around by boat. | otkriti |
| find something out | discover | When Tim found out that his friend had been lying he was really disappointed. | shvatiti |
| get along/on | like each other | I get along/on with my mother-in-law and visit her quite often. | slagati se |
| get away | go on a vacation | After all this work I can’t wait to get away next week. | ići na odmor |
| get away with | do without being noticed | This time he won’t get away with murder. | izvući se, učiniti< |
| get over something | recover from an illness, loss, or emotion | It took her a long time to get over her divorce. | preboljeti; |
| get round to something | I hope I will get round to making a cake for my daughter’s birthday next week. | naći vremena za nešto | |
| get together | meet (usually for social reasons) | Let’s get together for our school anniversary. | naći se (s nekim) |
| get up | get out of bed | My brother got up at went to the seaside. | ustati iz kreveta |
| get up | Stand | No matter how many times I fell I always got up and kept trying. | ustati |
| give something away | ruin a secret | My best friend gave the news about my pregnancy away by accident. | otkriti tajnu |
| give something away | give something to someone for free | When my co-worker bought a new computer she gave away her old one. | dati besplatno |
| give in | reluctantly stop or arguing | My friend didn’t want to watch that comedy, but he gave in in the end. | predati se (u svađi) |
| give something up | quit a habit | I have to give up biting my nails. | prestati imati naviku |
| give up | stop trying | No matter how hard it gets you should never give up. | odustati (prestati pokušavati) |
| go after someone | follow someone | She went after him with a knife and he ran away. | slijediti nekog |
| go against someone | compete, oppose | I am very nervous since I am going against my biggest competitor tomorrow. | suprotstaviti se nekomu/nečemu, nadmetati se |
| go ahead | Proceed | Our boss said we can go ahead with our plan. | nastaviti |
| go back | return to a place | She went back to work in the afternoon to some things. | vratiti se |
| go out | leave home to go on a social event | I am going out for a drink with my friends. | ići van |
| go out with | date | We’ve been going out for a while now. | ići van s nekim |
| go over something | Review | I went over my article for the last time and sent it to the publisher. | pregledati |
| go without something | suffer lack or deprivation | They were so poor that they had to go without food from time to time. | biti bez |
| grow apart | stop being friends over time | Amanda and her sister grew apart after she had moved. | otuđiti se |
| grow back | Regrow | Don’t worry. Your hair will soon grow back. | ponovno narasti |
| grow up | become an adult | When our children grow up we will have more time for each other. | odrasti |
| hand something in | Submit | The deadline to hand in the reports is May 12. | predati |
| hand something over | give (usually unwillingly) | Johnny, now hand over the mobile phone to your father because he needs it. | izručiti, predati |
| hang in | stay positive (N.Amer., informal) | Hang in there. Your hard work will sooner or later be repaid. | držati se (ostati pozitivan) |
| hang on | wait a short time (informal) | Hang on a second. I’ll come with you. | počekati |
| hang out | spend time relaxing (informal) | I hang out with him and have a good time almost every weekend. | družiti se |
| hang up | end a phone call | He was so angry that he just hung up. | poklopiti, prekinuti vezu |
| hold someone/something back | prevent from doing/going | I had to hold my friend back when they were teasing him about his sister. | spriječiti (koga/što) |
| hold something back | hide an emotion | She was hardly holding back her tears when they were leaving. | zadržati, sakriti (emociju) |
| hold on | wait a short time | Please hold on. Ms Smith will be back in a second. | počekati |
| hold someone/somethingup | Rob | Have you heard that someone held the post up last evening? | opljačkati |
| keep on doing something | continue doing | Keep on with the good work. | nastaviti |
| keep from someone something | not tell | We kept the pregnancy from our friends initially. | skrivati,tajiti |
| keep someone/something out | stop from entering | Keep the children out of the office please. | ne puštati unutra |
| let someone down | fail to support or help, disappoint | John has never let me down and I am really happy for having him in my life. | ostaviti na cjedilu, razočarati (nekog), |
| let someone in | allow to enter | The old lady didn’t let the man in because she didn’t know him. | pustiti nekog unutra |
| look after someone/something | take care of | I had to look after my younger brother when my parents were away. | čuvati |
| look down on someone | think less of, consider inferior | I don’t know why she looks down on everybody. Who does she think she is? | gledati na nekog svisoka, omalovažavati |
| look for someone/something | try to | I’m looking for my Have you seen it anywhere? | tražiti |
| look forward to something | be excited about the future | I really look forward to meeting you. | veseliti se |
| look into something | investigate | She was looking into the possibilities of buying a franchise. | istražiti |
| look out | be careful, vigilant, and take notice | Look out! This slippery. | paziti |
| look something over | check, examine | When I was looking over my seminar paper I found three grammatical mistakes. | pregledati |
| look something up | search and information in a reference book ordatabase | I can look the meaning of this word up in the dictionary. | potražiti |
| look up to someone | have a lot of respect for | I looked up to my grandmother when I was a child. | diviti se (nekom) |
| make something up | invent, lie about something | The boy says the story about the rape is not true and that the girl has made it up. | izmisliti što |
| make up | forgive each other | We refused to see each other for two weeks but we have made up now. | pomiriti se s kim |
| make someone up | apply cosmetics to | I made my friend up for the date. | našminkati koga |
| mix something up | confuse two things / rearrange something / confused | I mixed the coke and pepsi up. Can you tell? | pomiješati, zamijeniti |
| pass away | Die | After a long and painful struggle with cancer my grandfather passedaway. | preminuti |
| pass out | Faint | I almost passed out because of all the crowd and bad air. | onesvijestiti se |
| pay someone back | return owed money | I’ll pay you back that euro next time we see each other. | vratiti kome novac |
| pay for something | be punished for doing something bad | I will make sure he will pay for being so mean to you. | platiti |
| pick something out | Choose | I picked out these jeans for you to try on. | izabrati |
| point someone/something out | indicate with your | Can you point that actress out when she appears on the screen? | pokazati (prstom) |
| put something down | put what you are holding on a surface or | You can put the luggage down and have some rest because the planeis delayed. | odložiti |
| put someone down | insult, make someone feel stupid | The man was puting his wife down because of her job. | vrijeđati koga |
| put something off | Postpone | We put off the appointment because ofher illness. | odgoditi |
| put up with someone/something | Tolerate | It’s difficult to put up with him when he is so stubborn. | podnositi |
| put something on | put clothing/accessories on your body | I put on some make-up and went to work. | obući |
| run into someone/something | meet unexpectedly | George ran into his elementary schoolteacher while walking down the street. | naljeteti na koga/ što (slučajno) |
| run over someone/something | drive a vehicle over a person or thing | When I was driving home I ran over a cat. It jumped on the road and I couldn’t do anyrhing. | pregaziti koga/što |
| run out | have none left | We ran out of sugar so I couldn’t make a cake. | ponestati |
| shop around | compare prices | Sue loves shopping around before buyinganything. | uspoređivati cijene (po trgovinama) |
| show off | act special in front of others | He loves showing off his muscles in front of the girls | bahatiti se praviti se važan |
| stick with something | continue doing something, | Stick to your goals and you will succeed | držati se čega, ograničiti se najednu stvar |
| switch something off | stop the energy turn off | I switched off the TV and went to bed. | ugasiti |
| switch something on | start the energy turn on | Can you switch on the radio? It would be nice to hear some music. | upaliti |
| take after someone | resemble a family member | I take after my father. We are both lazy. | biti nalik (karakterno) ili sličiti |
| take something apart | purposely break into pieces | He took the computer apart and repaired it. | rastaviti što |
| take something back | return an item | Mandy had to take her phone back because it didn’t work. | vratiti |
| take off | start to | I am always nervous when the plane takesoff. | poletjeti |
| take something off | remove something (usually clothing) | The doctor told me to take off my shirt. | svući, skinuti |
| take something out | remove from a place or thing | Kim took out her handkerchief and blew her nose. | izvaditi |
| take someone out | pay for someone to go somewhere with you | He said he wanted to take me out to a Thai restaurant for dinner. | voditi koga van |
| think something over | Consider | I really need time to think it over before Idecide. | razmisliti |
| throw something away | dispose of | I had to throw some of my old clothes away because I didn’t have room for the new ones. | baciti |
| turn something down | decrease the volume or strength (heat, light etc) | Please turn the radio down otherwise the neighbours might complain. | smanjiti (zvuk, toplinu, svjetlo) |
| turn something down | Refuse | They turned the student down because he hadno work experience. | otkloniti, odbiti |
| turn something off | stop the energy switch off | Could you, please, turn the radio off and start studying? | ugasiti |
| turn something up | increase the level of something | Can you turn the heat up? I’m freezing! | pojačati (zvuk, temperaturu, svijetlo) |
| turn up | appear suddenly | Larry turned up unexpectedly and surprised everyone. | pojaviti se |
| try something on | sample clothing | She tried the dress on, but it was too big. | probati (obleko) |
| try something out | Test | I would have to try this car out before I buy it. | pokušati (u smislu testirati) |
| wake up | stop sleeping | We have to wake up at six at the latest to catch our train. | probuditi se |
| warm up | prepare body for exercise | Stretching exercises warm up our bodies and prevent injuries. | zagrijati se |
| wear off | fade away | Water-resistant mascara doesn’t wear off so fast. | nestati, ugasiti se |
| work out | Exercise | She works out a lot to stay in shape. | vježbati |
| work out | be successful | Everything has thankfully worked out all right. | uspjeti (uspješno završiti) |
Prijedlozi su ostali iza glagola ali zajedno sa glagolom čine cjelinu, frazu, koja dobije neko novo značenje.
To značenje može biti, kao i u hrvatskom:
– Literal, doslovno
– Idiomatic, preneseno
Princip je isti, pravilo je različito, na glagol dodajemo prijedlog ali iza glagola:
uzmimo npr. glagol look, gledati i dodamo mu, naravno iza njega prijedlog up, gore
- Literal, doslovno značenje
- He looked up and smiled.
- On je podigao(po+digao) pogled i nasmijao se. (definiramo pravac)
- Idiomatic, preneseno ili preciznije to je fraza sa novim značenjem
- He looked up the word in the dictionary.
- Ovdje je značenje – to search for, potražiti
Postoji više vrsta frazalnih glagola u engleskom jeziku.
Razvrstati ćemo ih nekom drugom prilikom. Vrijeme je za par savjeta.
Kako učiti i naučiti frazalne glagole u engleskom
Ne postoji lak način, sorry. Ali nije potrebno ni komplicirati. Najgora moguća odluka je uzeti listu frazalnih glagola i bubati ih napamet. Pozlit će vam se vrlo brzo, a i neće imati efekta.
Ja to ne preporučujem, uopće ne pomažem svojim đacima, čak im i odmažem jer ne želim da im izdiktiram značenja koja će oni samo naučiti i zaboraviti.
Jedini pravi način je koristiti ih, uočiti ih prilikom upotrebe engleskog jezika i na taj način proširiti vokabular.
Ako pričamo o frazalnim glagolima kad je pitanju test ili pismeni u školi – pa svi oni, koje je potrebno znati se već nalaze u udžbeniku, malo truda i to je to.
- Jim asked Kim out. = Jim je pozvao Kim van.
Pojedinačan glagol se može pojaviti u kombinaciji s različitim česticama/ prijedlozima/ prilozima i značenja tih kombinacija se međusobno razlikuju. Pogledajmo npr. glagol look:
- My older brother looked after me when I was younger
- Moj stariji brat je pazio na mene, dok sam bila mlada.
- Look at you! You’re so beautiful in this dress! =
- Pogledaj se! Tako si lijepa u toj haljini!
- I am looking for my keys. Have you seen them anywhere?
- Tražim svoje ključeve. Jesi li ih negdje vidio?
- Look out! The floor is slippery.
- Pazi! Pod je sklizak.
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